Teaching Someone Something using Classical Conditioning

Final Project: Teaching Someone Something Introduction- The study of Educational Psychology pairs the science of psychology to educational practices and provides teachers with evidence-based knowledge to support their day-to-day decision making in the classroom (PowerPoint, Mullin). Therefore, it is no surprise that many educational psychologists focus their research and understanding on learning theories about how the human brain processes and stores new information. Learning incorporates 3 critical components; permanent, change, and experience. When written in a sentence together, learning is any relatively permanent change in an organism that results from experience (PowerPoint, Mullin). One domain of learning theories named†¦show more content†¦Then, later, the unconditioned stimulus can be withdrawn and the neutral stimulus evolves to become the conditioned stimulus. Now the conditioned stimulus or learned stimulus evokes a conditioned response, or learned response. Given the example, the conditioned response is salivation. When it hears the bell, the dog salivates because the dog was conditioned to associate the hot dog with the sound of the bell. In another study conducted by John Watson, we learn other terms associated with classical conditioning. Watson’s well-known experiment is referred to as Little Albert. Albert was an 11-month-old baby. Watson showed Albert a small white mouse, which Albert liked. Then, while seeing the mouse, Watson presented a loud noise that scared Albert and made him cry. By pairing the loud noise that scared Albert with the mouse he liked, Watson was able to condition Albert to be afraid of the mouse. Every time Albert saw the mouse, he cried after acquiring the conditioned stimulus (white rat) and conditioned response (fear). Later, Albert showed signs of generalization. He started showing the same fear response to other things that were also white and fuzzy. Instead of only being afraid of rats, Albert became afraid of mice, white rabbits, and other similar things that resembled the white rat (Ed Psych Modules, Bohlin). On the contrary, Albert failed to discriminate between 2 stimuli. Instead he believed that the white rabbit wouldShow MoreRelatedBehaviorism Theory Of Classical Conditioning1700 Words   |  7 Pages Behaviorism is a theory that behavior can be altered through conditioning. Behaviorism does not focus on thoughts or feelings of the subject, just their behavior. Ivan Pavlov was a major part of this movement of behaviorism with his theory of classical conditioning. The most important part of classical conditioning is that it is done through repetition. In his experiment he began with noticing that an unconditioned stimulus like dog food causes an unconditioned response like salivation. He thenRead MoreClassical Processing : The Theory Of Classical Conditioning945 Words   |  4 PagesClassical Conditioning was the process of conditioning that was discovered by Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov (Cherry, 2). â€Å"Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had amajor influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism† (Cherry, 2). â€Å"Behaviorism is based on the assumption that all learning occurs through interactions with the environment and the environment shapes behavior† (Cherry, 2). Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unlearnedRead MoreThe Theories Of Behaviorist Theory1116 Words   |  5 Pagesof psychology was focused on the study of the mind and consciousness (â€Å"Behaviorism Theory Overview,† n.d.). Watson based much of his theory on Pavlov’s classical conditioning, and as a result believed that nurture was the cause of human differences (â€Å"John B. Watson,† n.d.). The experiment that Watson used to apply Pavlov’ classical conditioning theory to humans was the â€Å"Little Albert† experiment. In this experiment Watson began working with a nine month old infant, observing his responses to variousRead More#NAME?1749 Words   |  7 PagesConcrete operational aged 7-11 years – Ability to conserve - Children begin to solve mental problems using practical supports such as counters and objects Formal operational aged 11-15 years – Young people can think about situations that they have not experienced - they can juggle with ideas in their minds Links of practice: His work mean more early years setting and schools are using a more hands on and relevant tasks for children and young people. Teacher have started to work out the needsRead MoreAlbert Bandura s Social Learning Theory1340 Words   |  6 Pageschildren learn. Bandura’s theory is based on how people can learn by observing others, how internal mental states influence people, and how learning something does not change one’s behavior every time. Bandura was able to find out that people learn by three observational models. The first model is the live model which includes observing how someone demonstrates the behavior, the verbal instruction model which learning occurs through auditory directions, and the symbolic model where modeling occursRead MoreEssay about Humanism, Cognitivism and Behaviourism2865 Words   |  12 PagesIn this assignment I shall be exploring three theories of teaching and learning. They are Humanism, Cognitivism and Behaviourism. I shall be explaini ng the main factors of the three theories and then explaining how they can support effective teaching and learning in general and for myself personally in my teaching role. The first theory I shall explore is Humanism. ‘Humanism stresses [a learner’s] interests, individuality and creativity – in short the [learner’s] freedom to develop naturallyRead MorePsychology Is The Study Of Human Behavior1447 Words   |  6 Pagesdisplaying emotions that are inappropriate for a situation (laughing at a funeral), disorganized thought (skipping from one topic to another), and bizarre behavior (taking clothes of in public). The psychotic positive symptoms are delusions (thinking someone is out to get them) and hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not there). The negative symptoms are a lack of emotions, strange or reclusive behavior, difficulty with intellectual thinking, and a general lack of motivation. Some theoriesRead MoreEssay on Discussion Questions5111 Words   |  21 Pageswinning certain amount of money affects one judgment. There was two parts to their research. The first part was list of five questions, your name, are you from Vegas, how much money you make, how often you gamble, and do you have a cut off limit, â€Å"something like that.† The second part was the fun part. We were in a room with real slot machine and we were allowed to keep our winnings. This was to see if we would stick to our limit. The group I was in we all lied. When I met back up with my friends IRead More023 Understand Child and Young Person development6353 Words   |  26 Pagesthey are beginning to crawl or find other ways of being mobile (bottom-shuffling); starting to use fingers to feed. 9-12 months Babies are becoming very mobile, fast crawling, standing up by the furniture, some babies walk along the furniture using their hands to hold on; developing abilities to handle objects and putting them into containers; babies able to feed themselves with fingers. 1-2 years At the beginning of this period babies are beginning to walk and around 18 months they areRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of The Mind And Human Behavior Essay1816 Words   |  8 Pages(McLeod, 2013). It acts as an internal judge, it punishes the ego with feelings of guilt or it rewards, which lead to feelings of pride and heightened self-esteem. â€Å"The superego is a characteristic of the personality which strives for perfection† (â€Å"Classical and Operant†, 2015). The ego is the part of the human psyche that is connected to the primitive nature but operates with a moralistic expression of right and wrong. Pertaining to Freud, the ego be the middle ground between the id and the superego

The Search for Identity in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club Essay

The Search for Identity in The Joy Luck Club When Chinese immigrants enter the United States of America, it is evident from the start that they are in a world far different than their homeland. Face to face with a dominant culture that often times acts and thinks in ways contrary to their previous lives, immigrants are on a difficult path of attempting to become an American. Chinese immigrants find themselves often caught between two worlds: the old world of structured, traditional and didactic China and the new world of mobile, young and prosperous America. They nostalgically look back at China longing for a simpler life but look at the United States as a land of opportunity and freedom that they did not know in China.†¦show more content†¦The only Chinese culture that they receive is what their parents are holding on to in America. The second generation is busy assimilating - absorbing American beliefs and practices even if those beliefs are negative views of their own race. But can the second generation Chinese Amer icans be truly happy as completely assimilated American for in this they are denying their heritage which runs much deeper than sallow skin and almond shaped eyes? Undoubtedly, the most profound struggle for the second generation Chinese American will be to seek out their identity and to find some fusion between the polarized worlds in their lives. The second generation Chinese Americans search for identity is indeed a challenge; however, the second generation Chinese American woman search for identity is magnified. For not only does the Chinese American woman struggle to find her ethnic identity, she must also find her strength and power as a woman. It is a dual struggle. But not only is it a dual struggle, it is a dual reality. The two entities cannot be separated. As Shirley Geok-Lim and Amy Ling stated so eloquently in their introduction the Reading the Literatures of Asian America, race and gender categories are never unitary and separate but are historically and socioculturally embeddedShow MoreRelated Essay on Search for Identity in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club1103 Words   |  5 PagesSearch for Identity in Joy Luck Club      Ã‚   Each person reaches a point in their life when they begin to search for their own, unique identity. In her novel, Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan follows Jing Mei on her search for her Chinese identity – an identity long neglected.    Four Chinese mothers have migrated to America. Each hope for their daughter’s success and pray that they will not experience the hardships faced in China. One mother, Suyuan, imparts her knowledge on her daughter throughRead More Search for Identity in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club Essay examples848 Words   |  4 Pages nbsp;Search for Identity in The Joy Luck Clubnbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Imagine, a daughter not knowing her own mother! And then it occurs to me. They are frightened. In me, they see their own daughters, just as ignorant, just as unmindful of all truths and hopes they have brought to America. They see daughters who grow impatient when their mothers talk in Chinese, who think they are stupid when they explain things in fractured English. (Tan 40-41) Amy Tan frames The Joy Luck Club with Jing-meiRead More Search for Self in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club Essay1058 Words   |  5 PagesThe Search for Self in The Joy Luck Club       Amy Tans novel, The Joy Luck Club, presents a character with a divided self. One buried half of the self represents the mother, the mothers Chinese heritage, and the cold obedience she tries to instill in her daughter caused by her tragic past. The other half of the self represents the daughter, the daughters American heritage, and the endless indignation she uses against her mother in ignorance of her mothers tragic past and her own ties toRead MoreAnalysis Of Two Kinds By Amy Tan1567 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most complex relationships is that of a mother and daughter. Amy Tan is an author who writes about her life growing up as an Asian-American in Chinatown. Her novel The Joy Luck Club is a series of short stories about Chinese mothers and their assimilated daughters. One of these stories is â€Å"Two Kinds,† which looks into the life of Jing-Mei Woo and her struggle to gain a sense of self. Some key themes in The Joy Luck Club are the generational and intercul tural differences among Chinese-AmericanRead MoreThe Struggles Faced in the Color Purple and the Joy Luck Club1856 Words   |  8 PagesThe Struggles Faced in The Color Purple and The Joy Luck Club A common bond of struggle links the novels The Color Purple by Alice Walker and The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan. Rape, suicide, death, war, oppression, and racism invade the two novels. In The Color Purple, Celie overcomes racism, violence, and other issues to find dignity and love. In the Joy Luck Club, the daughters struggle for acceptance, love, and happiness. Though the characters endure many hardships they survive not only by not becomingRead More The Struggles Faced In The Color Purple And The Joy Luck Club1809 Words   |  8 Pages The Struggles Faced in The Color Purple and The Joy Luck Club A common bond of struggle links the novels The Color Purple by Alice Walker and The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan. Rape, suicide, death, war, oppression, and racism invade the two novels. In The Color Purple, Celie overcomes racism, violence, and other issues to find dignity and love. In the Joy Luck Club, the daughters struggle for acceptance, love, and happiness. Though the characters endure many hardships they survive not only by not becomingRead More Movie Essays - Comparing the Novel and Film Version of Joy Luck Club1811 Words   |  8 PagesComparing the Novel and Film Version of Joy Luck Club   Ã‚   Wayne Wangs adaptation of Amy Tans Joy Luck Club combines literary and cinematic devices by adopting the novels narrative techniques and strengthening them through image and sound. The adaptation exemplifies not a destruction or abuse of Amy Tans novel, but the emergence of a new work of art, not hindered but enhanced by the strengths of its literary precursor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Incorporating her familys own experiences as ChineseRead More A Comparison of Women in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club and Kitchen Gods Wife877 Words   |  4 PagesWomen in The Joy Luck Club and The Kitchen Gods Wife  Ã‚        Ã‚   One of the common themes in both The Joy Luck Club and The Kitchen Gods Wife is strong women. All the women in both generations in each book gain strength through different experiences. These experiences range from a war-ravaged China to the modern day stresses of womanhood. Though different experiences have shaped each woman, they are all tied together by the common thread of strength.    The Joy Luck Club portrays strongRead More Relationships Between Mothers and Daughters in Tans The Joy Luck Club1457 Words   |  6 PagesRelationships Between Mothers and Daughters in Tans The Joy Luck Club â€Å"Now the woman was old.   And she had a daughter who grew up speaking only English and swallowing more Coca-Cola than sorrow.   For a long time now the woman had wanted to give her daughter the single swan feather and tell her, â€Å"This feather may look worthless, but it comes from afar and carries with it all my good intentions.†Ã‚   And she waited, year after year, for the day she could tell her daughter this in perfect AmericanRead MoreThe Joy Luck Club, The Bonesetter s Daughter, And The Kitchen God s Wife3745 Words   |  15 PagesFor the past few decades, waves of immigrant families come to the United States in search of a new home. People from all over the world who have escaped their native country wanting to have jobs in order to support their family and live the â€Å"American Dream†. The U.S. Demographic History states, â€Å"In any event, 1965 initiated a second ‘Great Wave’ of mass immigration, which continues today. During the 19 90s, legal immigration averaged 900,000 annually, increasing to about one million per year during

Digital Comm Tutorial Free Essays

string(29) " stability of 1 part in 107\." The process of quantisation introduces an error or noise component into the quantised signal. Derive an equation for the mean-squared quantisation error in terms of the quantization interval ‘a’. ii) Hence show that the peak signal-to-quantisation noise ratio (SQNR) is SQNR = ( 6n + 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Comm Tutorial or any similar topic only for you Order Now 8 ) dB Where 2 n is the number of quantisation levels. b)i) Linear quantisation is used prior to binary PCM encoding of an analogue baseband signal which has a uniform probability density function. The signal-to-quantisation noise ratio must be no less than 35 dB. How many binary bits are required to code each quansation level? ii) If the bit rate is 104 bits per second, what should be the maximum bandwidth of the analogue signal prior to sampling? Q2. a)i) Explain how nonlinear quantisation can be used to reduce the number of levels required to quantise a signal. ii) Explain why logarithmic quantisation is preferred. iii) What types of signal is most suitable to be processed by non-linear quantisation? b) Sketch the A-law companding curved. Explain why companding is used in voice transmission systems. c) Show that the dynamic range of the logarithmic portion of the A-law compander is 38. dB and that the improvement in signal to quantisation noise ratio realized for small signals, compared with linear quantisation , is 24 dB. d) For an 8-bit A-law companded PCM system, calculate the SQNR obtainable and the PCM bit rate. Assume the sampling frequency is 8 KHz. Q3. a) Explain (qualitatively) how Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) can reduce the transmission bandwidth required. b) Explain what is delta modulation. Why it is particularly suited to speech signals? c) For an input sinusoid of frequency 1 kHz, estimate and compare the signal-to-error ratios of a linear PCM coder using a sampling rate of 2. kHz and 7 bits per sample quantisation with a single-integration delta modulator producing the same gross bit rate. BASEBAND REGERATOR / ERROR PROBABILITY / LINE CODE Q4. a) Digital transmission systems provide better received signal quality compare to analogue transmission systems when implementing a long distance communication link. Explain briefly why this is so. b) A PCM transmission link employed 8 bit coding and uses baseband regenerator as repeater. Determine the Signal-to-Noise ratio obtainable at the receiver assuming no bit error occurred. c) An analogue transmission system required amplifiers to be spaced every 2 km apart. Assume the Signal-to-Noise ratio of the amplifier is 65 dB, determine the maximum distance of the link before the quality of the received signal is lower than the PCM link above. d) A RF binary PSK system operates with phase states separated by 180o. The bit rate is 2. 0 Mbit/s and the noise power spectral density at the input to an ideal matched filter detector is 1. 0 pW/Hz. If the transmission loss between transmitter and detector is 40 dB, what power must be transmitted to achieve a probability of bit error of 1( 10-6 ? For binary PSK , Pe = ? [1- erf(Eb/No)1/2] Error function tables are provided. Q5. ) Draw a simplified block diagram of a PCM regenerative repeater. b) An ideal 18 – section, copper cable, PCM link employs unipolar , NRZ, rectangular pulses on each section and a center point detection process at each repeater. The probability of error versus SNR for this transmission and detection scheme is given by [pic] If all sections were identical, and operated with a section SNR of precisely 18 dB, what would be the overall probability of error for the entire link? Q6. (a) Sketch the typical, long term, spectrum of a speech waveform. Show on your sketch the bandwidth normally considered sufficient for telephone quality transmission. b) i) If the voice signal in part (a) is to be transmitted using 8-bit PCM and use the bandwidth upper frequency limit shown on your sketch to find the required PCM bit rate. ii) What channel bandwidth, in principle, would be required if the PCM bits were to be transmitted as perfectly rectangular pulses without distortions? iii) What is the minimum theoretical bandwidth which would allow the PCM bits to be transmitted independently (i. e. without inter-symbol interference (ISI) at the receiver sampling instants)? Explain your answer. (c) i) What is the main functions of line codes? i) The bit stream shown in Fig. Q7 is to be line-coded using the high-density substitutiontechnique HDB3. Sketch a version of the resulting coded signal. What are the features of HDB3 which makes it an attractive line code? [pic] Fig. Q6 TDM / PDH / SDH Q7. a)i) Describe, with the aid of a diagram, the way in which analogue telephone channels plus signalling and service information are combined in a plesiochronous time-division multiplexed system to form the primary multiplex group. ii) What sampling rate would be appropriate for each telephone channel and what would be the gross bit rate of the multiplex group? )i) Show how primary multiplex groups may be combined to form higher level multiplexes and to provide access for wideband signals. ii) Explain why it is necessary in a high order Plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH ) to de-multiplex down to the lowest order whenever a single channel is to be extracted or inserted. c) Calculate the number of telephone channels which can be accommodated at level 4 of a PDH. d) In the PDH, explain why the bit rate at a given level is not exactly an integer multiple of the bit rate at the level below. Q8. a) Explain why bit justification is required in a PDH network, and describe how it may be performed. ) i) Determine the minimum and maximum input channel rates accommodated by an CEPT2 multiplexer. ii) Determine the rate of CEPT1 misframes caused by erroneous interpretation of a stuffed bit. Assume channel bit error rate Pe is 10-6. CEPT2 parameters: Bit rate8. 448 Mbit/s Master frame length848 bits Message length/channel205 bits Framing bits12 bits Stuffing control bits12 bits Stuff bits4 bits c)i) Explain what is frame slip. ii) In a PDH network, the primary multiplex clock generators have frequency stability of 1 part in 107. You read "Digital Comm Tutorial" in category "Papers" Calculate the average number of frames slips per hours in a connection of 5 inter- exchange links. Q9. a) Describe the essential features of the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH). b) Plesiochronous networks have a number of disadvantages by comparisons with the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy. State and explain two of them. c) Draw a block diagram illustrating the SDH. Show on your diagram the nominal STMbit rates associated with each SDH level. d)i) Describe the SDH primary-rate frame structure with particular reference to the location within the frame of the section overheads, the (administrative unit) pointers and the STM-1 payload. ii) What are the main functions of pointer? SIGNALLING Q10. a)i) Explain the need for signaling in a telecommunication system. ii) List the minimum basic signaling requirements, and show how they may be obtained in the subscriber loop of a typical telephone network. b) Draw a simple block diagram illustrating the essential difference between channel-associated signaling (CAS) and common channel signaling (CCS). c) List the advantages of CCS over CAS. d) Modern digital switching systems using Stored Program Control (SPC) employ CCS. Draw a block diagram showing how CCS may be implemented. e) What is the disadvantage of CCS and how are they overcome? Q11. ) Show how the ITU-T (formerly CCITT ) signaling systems No. 7 conform to theInternational Standard Organisation, Open Systems Interconnection (ISO-OSI ) model. b) What are the three types of signal units employ by the ITU-T SS No. 7? What is the function of each? c)i) How is the channel associated signaling handled by the 30+2 PCM primary multiplex frame? ii) Calculate the bit rate of th e signaling channel with one voice channel. TELETRAFFIC THEORY Q12. a) In a switching system for which blocked calls are lost, the average number of calls per hour is 200 with an average holding time of 3 minutes. Estimate the number of trunks required to achieve a grade of service of 0. 1 %. b) On the average during the busy hour, traffic generated in exchange A and exchange B is shown in table Q13. Assume no tandem traffic, estimate the number of trunk channels (two way connections) required for a grade service of 1 %: i) if the same lines are used for incoming and outgoing calls, ii) if separate lines are used for incoming and outgoing calls. Evaluate the above options and propose a cost effective solution. What is the minimum number of trunk lines required to serve the two exchanges? |Exchange A |Exchange B | |Exchange A |- |36 Erlang | |Exchange B |43 Erlang |- | Table Q13 c) Calculate the number of channels needed in a seven-cell re-use pattern cellular systems to achieve a blocking probability of 1 % if there are 2800 calls per cell per hour, each of average duration of 1. 8 minutes. (use traffic table). Q13. a) Define traffic intensity and congestion. ) Explain why it is necessary to determine the traffic variations as a function of time for a telephone exchange. c)For a telephone exchange designed based on blocked call lost assumption, the probability of there being k calls in progress with N trunks carrying traffic A Erlang is given by: [pic][pic] i) Explain what is meant by blocked call lost. Give an evaluation the effect of this assumption. ii) Derive an equation for the probability all servers are busy and the subscriber encountered call blocking. State the assumptions made for the above equation to be valid. ) A PBX with 250 internal lines has 10 trunks to the public network. i) What is the probability of call blocking if each internal line is involved in four external calls with an average duration of 2. 5 minutes per call, per eight-hour working day? ii) How many additional trunk connections would be required to improve the grade-of service to better than 0. 5 %? Q14. a) In a que ueing system, the average rate of packet transmission is ( frames per second, and the average arrival rate of data is ( packets per second. The probability that therewill be n packets in the queue is Pn = (1 – ( )( ( ) nwhere ( = ( / ( b) Derive an equation for the average number of packets in the queue and show how this varies with the parameter ( . c) How would you use this equation to design the node in a packet-switched system? d) If the switching node has a transmission capacity of 800 packets per second and the packet arrival rate is 500 packets per second. i) Calculate the average number of packets in the queue and hence ii) Calculate the average waiting time per packet. iii) What is the mean delay introduced by the switching node on a packet? ) A common –channel signalling system uses a 64 kbits/s data link to serve a group of 1500 speech circuits on a route between two exchanges. The busy-hour traffic is 1000 E and the average call duration is two minutes. On average each call requires transmission of ten messages (five signals plus five responses) and the average message length is 20 octets. Calculate the percentage of messages which encounter delay and the mean delay for these messages. DATA COMMUNICATION NETWORK Q15. a)i) Describe the principle of data communication by packet switching. ii) Evaluate the advantages of this strategy by comparison with circuit switching. )Show how the format of a packet can allow inclusion of routing, error correction, synchronisation and data. c)A packet switch has a single outgoing link at 2. 048 Mbit/s. The average length of each packet is 960 bytes. If the average packet delay through the switch must be less than 20 ms, assuming an M/M/1 queue, determine the i) maximum total packet arrival rate ii) average length of the queue. Q16a) Outline the ISO-OSI data communication network model. b) i) At which layer of the ISO-OSI model does the routing information provided? ii) Name and describe briefly two common routing protocols for the Wide Area Network (WAN). ii) Compare the relative performance of the protocols. iv) give an example of the connection standard applicable to each. c) Describe the format of a High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) packet and describe how this could be employed to implement call set-up, data transfer and call clearing in a virtual circuit. ISDN / B-ISDN Q17. a) Most national tele-traffic networks have evolved from systems using analogue telephonyand signaling and electromechanical switching. Show, using diagrams, how it has been possible to develop Integrated Digital Networks (IDN) whilst retaining much of the transmission network. ) An IDN is required to provide communication of information in addition to digital telephony signals. Describe the others signals necessary to operate an IDN and show how these can be integrated within a single network. c) Outline the potential benefits of an ISDN. d) Describe the data handling capabilities of Basic Rate Access and Primary Rate Access ISDN services. What are the gros s bit rates in each case? Q18. a) Describe the process which takes place in a packet speech transmission system and outline the transmission delay which might be expected. ) In a packet communication network packets arrive at a switch according to a Poisson distribution with a mean arrival rate of 4 packet/s. The service time is exponentially distributed with a mean value of 100 ms. Assuming that each packet contains 70 bytes and the output transmission rate is 5. 6 kbit/s. How long, on average, does a packet have to wait in the queue? If the switch in part (c) is limited in length to 10 packets, what is the probability of losing packets? c) What extensions to these access processes will be required to handle multi-media terminals and what data transfer method will be most appropriate? ) What are the numerical values of the following: i) ATM cell size. ii) ATM information field size. iii) SDH STM-1 bit rate. iv) PCM voice channel bit rate. e) Use your answer in part (d) to find the expected total network delay (including packetisation delay) experienced by a voice signal transmitted over an ATM network connection operating at the SDH STM-1 bit rate. The connection traverse 8 switching centers, each of which introduces a mean delay equal to 98 ATM cells. The transmission path length is 350 km in total, and the specific delay of the transmission medium is 5 (s/km. How to cite Digital Comm Tutorial, Papers

Differentiating Between Market Structures free essay sample

Differentiating Between Market Structures Alana Campbell, Dale Fortune, Katrina Beyah, Leonard Cooper University of Phoenix ECO/212 Principles of Economics Donnetta McAdoo December 5, 2011 Differentiating Between Market Structures To understand the economy of today one must understand the different market structures that make up the economy. There are four market structures that define the economic structure within the world’s economy; perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. Team A will provide example of each market structure by completing a market structure table. The members of Team A will also compare and contrast the differences between public goods, private goods, common resources, and natural monopolies. Another portion of the paper will discuss how supply of labor and demand of labor affect labor equilibrium within the market. Team A selected Wal-Mart as the familiar organizational market structure to review, identify, and evaluate. Team A will also provide the factors that affect Wal-Mart’s labor supply and demand. Compare and Contrast To compare and contrast both public and private goods used within the Wal-Mart Corporation, differentiations help identify structures by which the company competes and profits. A public good is both non-rivalrous and non-excludable. Public goods are often although not always, supplied by a government rather than by private firms (p. 148). Classic examples of public goods include national defense and court systems. Conversely, goods both rival (competitive) and excludable (unique) define private goods (e. g. , food, clothing, haircuts, etc. ). In an economic business environment, Wal-Mart provides products and services to private sector consumers to generate profit. Watkins (2100), â€Å"Private goods are such that if one person receives more of them then necessarily there will be less for the other people. In contrast, public goods are those things that all people can simultaneously benefit from† (Nature of Public Goods). By definition a public good is one non-rival and non-excludable. Competing with rival competitors and guided by customer demands; public goods and private goods do not interrelate, but contrast by nature. Although Wal-Mart uses natural resources (e. g. , oil, gas, and water) that may equate to higher expenses, the prices on marketable products sold correlate to consumer demands, consumption, and competition. Common resources (e. g. , electricity, and natural gas) refined and sold through non-rival (non-direct) competitors provide adequate supplies to Wal-Mart facilities without diminishing, or reducing utility supplies to other entities. The goods that are non-rival but excludable involve a natural monopoly. According to  Auburn university  (2005), â€Å"Theoretically, natural monopoly arises when there are very large economies of scale relative to the existing demand for the industrys product, so that the larger the quantity of the good a single factory produces, the cheaper the average costs per unit get right up to production at a level more than sufficient to supply the entire demand in the relevant market area† (Natural monopoly). How Labor Market Equilibrium is Affected by Supply and Demand of Labor Labor equilibrium is the complete balance between the supply of labor and the demand of labor. Companies like Wal-Mart that sell and provide goods and services in the market of supply and demand are part of a buyers’ market in the labor market. When the market supply and demand are in a state of balance to one another and prices become stable it is considered to have reached a state of equilibrium. The labor equilibrium is affected by the supply and demand of labor if the supply of labor is greater than the demand of labor. The demand for labor is determined by the conduct of profit maximizing firms and how the marginal revenue product curve shifts to describe the amount of revenue added by each additional worker Wal-Mart hires. A demand labor curve shifts when there are changes in the price of good or service that a firm like Wal-Mart sells, and by changes in labor productivity for example, the introduction of new electronics. The supply curve for labor represents the behavior of the individual and the decision of how much labor to supply for a given wage, labor supply curve shifts if the individuals’ preferences for work over leisure change as most individuals tend to tradeoff between labor and leisure. Wal-Mart needs workers to sell, package, and distribute the products sold from its stores. References: Scherer, Frederic M., and David Ross. Industrial market structure and economic performance. (1990). Leland, Hayne E., and David H. Pyle. Informational asymmetries, financial structure, and financial intermediation. The journal of Finance 32.2 (1977): 371-387. Smith, Wendell R. Product differentiation and market segmentation as alternative marketing strategies. The Journal of Marketing (1956): 3-8. Ettlie, John E., William P. Bridges, and Robert D. Okeefe. Organization strategy and structural differences for radical versus incremental innovation. Management science 30.6 (1984): 682-695. Hagedoorn, John. Understanding the rationale of strategic technology partnering: Nterorganizational modes of cooperation and sectoral differences. Strategic management journal 14.5 (1993): 371-385. Christensen, H. Kurt, and Cynthia A. Montgomery. Corporate economic performance: Diversification strategy versus market structure. Strategic Management Journal 2.4 (1981): 327-343.